The fact that time slows in the presence of mass is very clear evidence that the speed of light also slows. The two are, indisputably, fundamentally linked.
This
link demonstrates why the speed of light cannot be constant.
c' = c/(1+(2*G*m/r/c^2)) gives the speed of light change per radius from
the center of a gravitating mass, relative to the frame of the local
universe and, at the Schwarzchild radius of the presumed black hole, is
half the speed represented by the letter 'c' here on the earth's surface.
Note that the proton mass is equal to the mass of 1835 electrons (or positrons).
The purpose of this page is to demonstrate that the proton makes up the entire content of an isolated hydrogen atom, and is a black hole which is formed by the Coulomb force fields of the entire 918 e+ particles interacting with the field around each individual e- particle in the group of 917 e- particles contained by the event horizon,,, and the field of the entire 917 e- particles interacting with the fields of each of the 918 e+ particles individually. In order to enclose dimension, it's essential that the Coulomb force field not extend beyond the group perimeter, requiring a light speed contraction of the past toward the center of mass at the perimeter radius.
I recently came across this formula for determining the distance a mass will travel in a given time under a constant acceleration (t^2 * acceleration = distance traveled). That may be so in the realm of light (in some cases), but it's not the case in the realm of matter, as this chart clearly demonstrates. But the purpose of the exercise is two fold.
The acceleration rate is 10 m/sec^2. Sec. m/sec. Total distance traveled. Current speed. (1) 0-10 = 0+5 5 meters in second 1 10m/sec. (2) 10-20 = 5+10 15 meters in second 2 20m/sec. (3) 20-30 = 15+10 25 meters in second 3 30m/sec. (4) 30-40 = 25+10 35 meters in second 4 40m/sec.
That's 5 + 15 + 25 + 35 = 80 meter total shift in 4 seconds, which complies with t^2*f/2, not t^2*f.
The distance traveled in 4 seconds is 80 meters. The average speed is 80 / 4 = 20 m/sec. But the current speed at the end of second (4) is 40 m/sec, which is twice the average. THAT IS ALWAYS THE CASE.
According to what is to follow, the event horizon radius for the proton of an isolated hydrogen atom is 9.3e-11 meters. It seems to be the natural choice. And it's well within the ballpark of the currently accepted 1e-10 meter atomic radius. The comparison with a gravity induced black hole is also included. 2GM/c^2 gives 9.3e-11 meters as the Schwarzchild radius for a 6.27e16 kg mass.
The event horizon radius is dependent on how the contained matter or charge carriers are distributed. This is the result if the contents are uniformly distributed (per r^3). The Schwarzchild radius is obviously based on that assumption.
Whether it be dynamic, or (somehow) static, the inward distortion of dimension for the gravity induced black hole has reached light speed just prior to the 9.3e-11 radius. The speed of light is of course assumed to be constant in this case. But the relative speed of light is .5 of the value represented by the letter 'c' as measured here on the Earth's surface. The Coulomb force generated curve has almost reached that mark, but that's not its relative light speed curve.
If the contents are distributed per r^2, the acceleration rate is constant, hence the straight line from the horizon to the center. The constant acceleration rate of the massive charge carrier is 2.7e25 m/sec^2, which is c^3 m/sec^2. The acceleration of the charge field at its origin is necessarily twice that rate. The field origin obviously can't be removed from its carrier.
The Coulomb force field curve intersects exactly at the junction between the event horizon radius and its reduced speed of light curve. It's reasonable to assume that the junction is of some special significance. Even if there's a flaw in my reasoning, and the matter distribution needs to be rearranged in such a manner that the junction is of no special significance, the zero origin concept can still live with that. But the flaw is more likely to be in our understanding of how the universe works.
The images were generated by the attached Qbasic program. The reasoning should be clear enough.
As the attached program is set up, the Coulomb force field of the designated charge carrier is accelerated up to half the speed of light. That applies for both, the (917e-, 1e+) group, and the (918e+, 1e-) group. In order to enclose the Coulomb force field, the two halves are added together, which will probably ring alarm bells. But in the zero origin universe, one of those values is negative. The speed difference between the two is c.
If the matter distribution is according to r^5, this is the result. Only the gravity curves are shown.
The result is entirely dependent on the distribution of matter or charge carriers. If they were all housed in a singularity at the center, an initial event horizon would be established immediately around the point. The horizon thickness could not possibly extend out to the Schwarzchild radius because an eternity of time is traversed in the very first layer of near zero thickness. Only the state of the universe at its very origin would have made it through such a compounding eternity. The outer layers could not be sustained by the reduced gravity or Coulomb forces emerging from within. The distortion in space-time would disappear and the past would expand away as usual, until a sustainable event horizon radius is reached, which would be little more than zero radius.
The contained mass could not be concealed though. A mass housed within an accelerating container can't be concealed through time.
The speed of light and time are fundamentally linked and vary in exact proportions, so no matter how distorted dimension may become, nothing will ever appear to change from within any frame along the way to the event horizon, and beyond. But so what. Everything in the universe is invariably viewed from a specific frame, not from a billion different frames. My view of everything around me is taken from within my frame, and within that frame there are countless frames that bridge the distance to the event horizon of every proton, and beyond. From the viewpoint within one frame that's very close to the event horizon of a proton, the relationship between light, time and distance hasn't changed and the speed of light still measures 'c' in that frame, but the change in light speed at the horizon would appear to be negligible. So there is a difference. Any point along a light speed curve is a valid frame and they all fit exactly where they should along a light curve, IN MY FRAME.
The event horizon is necessarily abutting the outermost components within a black hole. Space cannot exist between the horizon and the contents, in any circumstance. If dimension is not already enclosed by the time the matter density becomes zero, it will never be enclosed because the forces reduce from that point on.
The neutron is formed when an electron is forced into the body of a proton, thus removing the charge imbalance. The interaction energy would not be contained until the consequent shrinking group radius coincided with the force required to enclose the Coulomb charge field at the perimeter of the group. The neutron may not be point sized, but it will be vastly smaller than the proton.
There are no forces apparent in nature that would cause a neutron and proton to stick together as they do. There's no readily apparent reason why the extreme condition of a fusion environment should be required as the catalyst to initiate such a bonding process either. And there's no apparent reason why such a bond when broken, stays broken. They can't be simply stuck back together again. The only logical explanation is that the neutron becomes housed within the event horizons of the two protons.
There would be some proton-proton interaction through that connection, and since the matter distribution in each isolated proton was denser toward the center (per r^2 not r^3), the trend should be continued when the contents of the two are slightly opened up to each other. The center of mass for the group has shifted to where the neutron resides, and the group radius would shrink. It's certainly not going to expand.
Copy-paste the program directly off this screen.
'-----------Program start-----------
'QBasic can be downloaded here (courtesy of "Narthix").
'http://download.microsoft.com/download/win95upg/tool_s/1.0/w95/en-us/olddos.exe
'(the link may have become word-wrapped)
'After extraction, Qbasic.exe and Qbasic.hlp are the only files
'required. This file is easier to find if it's stored in the same
'directory-folder as the Qbasic files.
'In the program, the mass of an electron residing at the center
'of a Coulomb force generated black hole is assumed to be
'accelerated outward to the event horizon by the 918 e+ charges
'which make up half the mass of a proton, which is the negative
'of what actually happens. The field is necessarily accelerated
'inward, from the inside out, not vice versa. Being massive, the
'radius where the electron would achieve -.25c is the point
'where the Coulomb force field will have been drawn inward at
'half the speed of light. The same applies for each positron
'being accelerated by the 917 e- resident charges. Adding
'together the two actions encloses the field 100%.
SCREEN 12
CLS
'Graphics setup.
COLOR 7
LOCATE 26, 26: PRINT "Event"
LOCATE 27, 26: PRINT "horizon (9.3e-11 mtr)"
COLOR 8
LINE (100, 250)-(290, 250)
LINE (100, 275)-(290, 275)
LINE (100, 300)-(290, 300)
LINE (100, 325)-(290, 325)
LINE (100, 350)-(290, 350)
LINE (100, 375)-(290, 375)
LINE (100, 400)-(290, 400)
LINE (100, 250)-(100, 400)
LINE (125, 250)-(125, 400)
LINE (150, 250)-(150, 400)
LINE (175, 250)-(175, 400)
LINE (200, 250)-(200, 400)
LINE (225, 250)-(225, 400)
LINE (250, 250)-(250, 400)
LINE (275, 250)-(275, 400)
COLOR 7
LOCATE 16, 9: PRINT "3e+8"
LOCATE 24, 8: PRINT "m/sec"
LOCATE 21, 8: PRINT "1.5e8"
LOCATE 26, 12: PRINT "0"
LINE (217, 240)-(217, 432)
COLOR 14: LOCATE 21, 30: PRINT "Light speed per charge."
COLOR 13: LOCATE 22, 30: PRINT "Light speed per gravity."
COLOR 12: LOCATE 23, 30: PRINT "Gravity curve."
COLOR 11: LOCATE 24, 30: PRINT "Coulomb force curve."
COLOR 9: LOCATE 25, 30: PRINT "Matter distribution."
LOCATE 26, 34: PRINT "(no 'y' scale)"
'Graphics base completed.
COLOR 7
pi = 3.1416
c = 299792458
'------------------------------------
Q1 = 1.602E-19: mul2 = 2
'The coulomb force field is progressively enclosed by the two
'simultaneously occurring actions, combined.
'In the zero origin universe, -.5c to +.5c = c
' Q1 = 1.602E-19 * 2: mul2 = 1
'Remove the ' switch to compare the result if the two systems
'are combined. The acceleration rate is 4*c^3 m/sec^2, and the
'light speed curve alters accordingly.
'Nothing fits anymore.
'------------------------------------
Q2 = Q1 * 918
m = 9.11E-31
e0 = 8.8462E-12
G = 6.67E-11
Mx = 6.27E+16: swzrad = 2 * G * Mx / c ^ 2: mul = 1.2E-13
'mul is a graphics multiplier for the contents distribution curve.
Ma = Mx
rx = 9.292E-11
LOCATE 1, 1
PRINT " Option 1: Uniform contents distribution (per r^3)."
PRINT " Option 2: Distribution for constant acceleration (r^2)."
PRINT " Option 3: Distribution per r^5 (gravity only)."
'---------------------Adjustable----------------------
ds = 5E-13 'Segment length.
'Changing ds doesn't alter the results unless the matter
'distribution ratio is less than per r^2 (above).
'-----------------------------------------------------
INPUT " Option ?"; f1
IF f1 = 0 OR f1 > 3 THEN END
LOCATE 15, 8
IF f1 = 1 THEN PRINT "Uniform distribution (per r^3)."
IF f1 = 2 THEN PRINT "Distribution per r^2 (constant acceleration)."
IF f1 = 3 THEN PRINT "Distribution per r^5 (gravity only)."
IF f1 = 3 THEN f2 = 1 'charge: is excluded when f2 is set to 1.
Q3 = Q1 * Q2
ry = 1E-39 ' More than zero.
r = ds
stp = 1 'Step 1
rad2 = 2E-10
'Start point for the external light speed curves,
'which are plotted in this subroutine.
GOSUB ac
start:
LOCATE 1, 1
IF f2 = 0 THEN GOSUB charge
GOSUB gravity
stp = stp + 1 * (186 / (rx / ds)) '186 steps is the base.
DO: s$ = INKEY$: LOOP UNTIL s$ <> ""
IF s$ = CHR$(27) THEN END
ry = r
'ry = r sets the inner radius of the next shell.
r = r + ds 'Outer radius.
IF r > 9.3E-11 THEN END
GOTO start
charge:
'Contents distribution options.
IF f1 = 1 THEN Q4 = Q3 / (rx ^ 3 / r ^ 3)
IF f1 = 2 THEN Q4 = Q3 / (rx ^ 2 / r ^ 2)
N = Q4 / (4 * pi * e0 * r ^ 2)
LOCATE 1, 1
PRINT r; "meter radius.", N; "newtons. "
PRINT N / m; "m/sec^2 acceleration rate. "
'm is electron mass.
t = SQR(r * 2 / (N / m)) 'from (length (r) = t^2*f/2)
PRINT t; "seconds for a -mass to reach the horizon. "
ta = SQR(ry * 2 / (N / m)) / 2
tb = SQR(r * 2 / (N / m)) / 2
'Time is halved because the fall time was calculated for a massive
'object (m). If it takes 1 second for a massive object to fall 1
'meter, it takes .5 seconds for light to fall 1 meter. The matter
'based equation remains intact and the result is divided by 2.
'Removing the '2' multiplier from the matter based equation
'rather than dividing the result by 2, gives a result which does
'not comply with the second sentence of this paragraph, and is
'thus wrong.
speed1 = ry / ta
speed2 = r / tb
speedN = (speed2 - speed1) * 2
'The average speed gained over each segment is multiplied by 2
'to give the final speed on completion of the journey over the
'segment length. That number is added to the stored value in
'stor1 below. A designated charge carrier for each step is
'presumed to be stationary and positioned at the beginning of
'the step. The potential speed gain of the Coulomb force
'field only, is being measured. Nothing is actually moving.
PRINT speedN; "final speed gained in step"; INT(stp); " "
stor1 = stor1 + speedN * mul2
'If mul2 is set to 2 then speedN is multiplied by 2 to include
'both halves of the Coulomb force action. The 918 e+ charges
'acting on each e- charge field is one half, while the 917 e-
'charges acting on each e+ charge field is the other half.
PRINT stor1; "total speed."
'Inner light speed curve
cx = c / (1 + (2 * ((Q3 / Q4) ^ .5 * Q4 / (4 * pi * e0 * r) / m) / c ^ 2))
'(Q3 / Q4)^.5 * Q4 is designed to give a constant light speed if
'the acceleration rate remains constant. Light speed is directly
'proportional to N. It makes little difference though because the
'significant point on the curve is at the event horizon. The
'equations given in subroutine ac: also plot that point.
CIRCLE (100 + r * 1.26E+12, 400 - cx * .0000005), 0, 14
'PRINT cx
'Coulomb force curve within the proton black hole.
CIRCLE (100 + r * 1.26E+12, 400 - stor1 * .0000005), 0, 11
RETURN
gravity:
PRINT " --------Gravity-------- "
PRINT swzrad; "Schwarzchild radius for a"; Mx; "kg mass"
'Charge distribution curve (y scale is irrelevant).
CIRCLE (100 + stp * (.62), 400 - (Ma - Mb) * mul / (186 / (rx / ds))), 0, 9
Mb = Ma
'Inner light speed curve per gravity.
gx = c / (1 + (2 * G * (Mx / Ma) ^ .5 * Ma / r / c ^ 2))
'(Mx / Ma)^.5 * Ma is designed to give a constant light speed if
'the acceleration rate remains constant.
CIRCLE (100 + r * 1.26E+12, 400 - gx * .0000005), 0, 13
IF f1 = 1 THEN Ma = Mx / (swzrad ^ 3 / r ^ 3)
IF f1 = 2 THEN Ma = Mx / (swzrad ^ 2 / r ^ 2)
IF f1 = 3 THEN Ma = Mx / (swzrad ^ 5 / r ^ 5)
PRINT Ma; "kg effective at"; r; "meter radius "
grav = G * Ma / r ^ 2
PRINT grav; "m/sec^2 acceleration rate. "
gtime = SQR(r * 2 / grav)
PRINT gtime; "seconds for a -mass to reach the horizon. "
tc = SQR(ry * 2 / grav) / 2
td = SQR(r * 2 / grav) / 2
'Time is halved because the fall time was calculated for a massive
'object. If it takes 1 second for a massive object to fall 1
'meter, it takes .5 seconds for light to fall 1 meter. The matter
'based equation remains intact and the result is divided by 2.
'Removing the '2' multiplier from the matter based equation
'rather than dividing the result by 2, gives a result which does
'not comply with the second sentence of this paragraph, and is
'thus wrong.
speed3 = ry / tc
speed4 = r / td
speedg = (speed4 - speed3) * 2
'The average speed over each segment is multiplied by 2 to give
'the final speed and the speed difference is the amount gained
'over the segment width. That number is added to the stored
'value in stor2 below, which holds the current speed.
PRINT speedg; "final speed gained in step"; INT(stp); " "
stor2 = stor2 + speedg
PRINT stor2; "total speed."
'Gravity line inside horizon
CIRCLE (100 + r * 1.26E+12, 400 - stor2 * .0000005), 0, 12
RETURN
ac: 'Pre event horizon light speed curves.
'Updated equation for light speed change due to gravity.
gx = c / (1 + (2 * G * Mx / rad2 / c ^ 2))
CIRCLE (100 + rad2 * 1.26E+12, 400 - gx * .0000005), 0, 13
'Comparable equation for light speed change due to Coulomb forces.
cx = c / (1 + (2 * (Q3 / (4 * pi * e0 * rad2) / m) / c ^ 2))
CIRCLE (100 + rad2 * 1.26E+12, 400 - cx * .0000005), 0, 14
rad2 = rad2 - 5E-13
IF rad2 < 9.3E-11 THEN GOTO ad
GOTO ac
ad: RETURN
'--------End--------